A new paragraph can be indicated in various ways. Traditionally, a new paragraph begins after an indentation, or tab. A new paragraph can also be shown by leaving a blank line between the two paragraphs. Symbols can be used in denote new paragraphs, as well as text size for either the first word or first sentence of a new paragraph.
2) What are some things to look out for when hyphenating text.
The most important rule when hyphenating text is legibility. You must take into account how the text is read, you should avoid widows, avoid orphans, and do not hyphenate names or proper nouns. Also, you should have at least two characters on the line, and three on the following line. You should avoid beginning consecutive lines with the same word and avoid ending consecutive lines with the same word. Finally, avoid ending lines with words like the, of, at, a, or by.
3) Define font hinting. Why is necessary?
Font hinting is the use of mathematical instructions to adjust the display of an outline font so that it lines up with a rasterized grid. At low screen resolutions, hinting is critical for producing a clear, legible text.
4) What is letterspacing/tracking? How do you track in Illustrator or InDesign
Letterspacing is the space between letters and can be called functional white. The white is essential to font legibility and the desired visual impression of the text. The picture illustrates how to track in InDesign or Illustrator.
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| Top symbol represents kerning, and the bottom tracking in InDesign. |
5) Define Kerning? Name 8 kerning pairs. How do you kern in InDesign or Illustrator?
In the metal era letters in combination like We, LT, and Ty could be moved closer together only by physically shaving or cutting away parts of the metal shank of the piece of type. This is what kerning does, but the computer makes it much easier. The specific spacing of these values can be adjusted in InDesign or Illustrator. Some kerning pairs are Av, Aw, Ta, We, AT, PA, TA, YO and so on. My score on the kerning game link was 91/100.
6) What is wordspacing?
For most typefaces the word space is slightly smaller than the bounding box of an 'i' or a fourth of the font size.
7) Explain DIN.
Because of a throughout standardisation, normalized DIN A sizes are usually the starting point for paper sizes for printed mater. The sizes of the sheets of paper that are supplied by paper manufacturers are based on these DIN A sizes, with a bit added for trimming, the gripper margin of the printing press and the finish. DIN sizes use a 1: Square Root of 2 ratio. Besides the well-known A sizes, B and C sizes are also used. The B sizes are so-called uncut sizes so the page can be printed with bleed after which the sheet can be cut to a size A. The C sizes are mainly used for envelopes, which can then hold an A size. The American version of the A4 size is 8.5 x 11 inches and is therefore considerable shorter than an A4.
8) What is a baseline grid?
A baseline grid is an imaginary grid upon which type sits. The baseline of a piece of type can be forced to 'snap' to this grid to maintain continuity across the pages of a design.
9) How many characters per line is optimal? Is there a range?
The optimal line length for your body text is usually considered to be within the 50-60 characters per line. At most up to 75 characters is acceptable.
10) Define aesthetic text alignment (optically hanging punctuation).
Certain letterforms such as the circular characters "o," "e," and "c" extend over the baseline otherwise they would look optically smaller than their upright relatives.
11) What is a typographic river?
A typographic river occurs in justified text blocks when the separation of the words leaves gaps of white space in several lines. A river effect is created where white space gaps align through the text.
12) What is a widow?
A widow is a lone word at the end of a paragraph.
13) What is an orphan?
An orphan is the final one or two lines of a paragraph separated from the main paragraph to from a new column, and should be avoided at all costs.
